Effectiveness of the Individual Explanation in Comparison...

In critically examining the effectiveness of the individual explanation in comparison to social explanation of crimes, I will draw upon the theory of positivism and strain. There are controversies in which evaluation is the most effective. Unquestionably, both standpoints do have it limitations and strength, I will draw upon case examples and researches of both views in order to critically assess both effectiveness in explaining the occurrence of crimes. Individual explanation of crime is an approach ought to convey that criminal behavior is solely dependent on individual rather than the environment of the individual. Positivism is one of the main theories in individual explanation of crime. The theory established the first major opportunity to disregard crime as a matter of individual choice. As it seeks to interpret crimes occur due to different forces and factor outside one’s determination. The two main approaches in Positivism is biological and psychological approach. Where it seeks to give an account to how one’s individuality is connected to certain psychological and biological factor that influence people toward criminal behavior. In contrast, social explanation of criminal behavior focuses on an understanding that such behavior is shape through social processes and structures. Strain theory is one of the pre-dominant sociological explanations of criminal behavior. The theory conceives that crime is cause through the behavior that has been evoked by theShow MoreRelatedA Research On Forensic Science1203 Words   |  5 Pagesbiological evidence sources, but with the use of DNA analysis comes social and ethical issues in society because of the amount of information obtained in a sample. In the 1980’s biotechnology gave foundation to the most prevalent and relied upon science in criminal investigation, DNA analysis. Through the development of genetic engineering, unique areas of the human genome were identified; these areas distinguished the identity of an individual person with the exception of identical twins. When appliedRead MoreThe Reagan And Thatcher Governments Influenced American And British Politics2155 Words   |  9 Pagescreated new variety of social policy commentators which included crime and justice. Individuals differed politically. Individuals who were on the right were supportive towards free-market criticisms on previous measures compared to those individuals whom were on the left who were critical of free-market economics and related political concepts. They were also critical of what they believed to be unhelpful (Newburn, 2009). In criminology, ‘realism’ is involved with the view that ‘crime’ is the outcome ifR ead MorePurpose and Effectiveness of Police Patrol1764 Words   |  8 PagesThe Purpose and Effectiveness of Police Patrols To begin studying this topic I’d like to provide a brief definition of a patrol officer. In law enforcement, patrol officers are uniformed police officers assigned to patrol specified geographic areas. They are the officers most commonly encountered by the public. Their duties include responding to calls for service, making arrests, resolving disputes, taking crime reports, and conducting traffic enforcement, and other crime prevention measures. TheRead MoreThe Impact Of Violent Crime On The Rutgers New Brunswick Community3264 Words   |  14 PagesTrenton, NJ 08625 Dear Governor Christie: It was a pleasure to meet you at my July 2015 presentation regarding the impact of violent crime on the Rutgers New Brunswick community. Along with this letter, I have attached a comprehensive copy of my proposal which aims to improve the safety of New Brunswick by implementing a strategic policing approach to reduce violent crime after dark. The City of New Brunswick is relatively safe except for hours after dark when there have been many controversial incidentsRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Online Banking Deception1617 Words   |  7 Pagestechnical. Based on their explanation, economics introduces breakthroughs in understanding problems of security, based on explaining the actors involved and their socio-economic incentives. Accordingly, in this research we have reviewed Economics of Information Security literature to study the possible explanatory factors that may explain why certain targets are by cybercriminals.  Around mid-1990’s, banks started to offer Internet banking mainly to increase cost-effectiveness and customer reach (JaleshgariRead MoreMental Health in Australias Criminal Justice System3547 Words   |  15 Pagesbecome the new mental health institutions.† Mental Health Services in Australia’s Criminal Justice System Mental Health Services in Australia’s Criminal Justice System Table of Contents: 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Description of Social and Legal Issues 4 2.1 Social Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 2.1.1 The lack of professional screening and health services in rural jurisdictions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦...4 2.1.2 The compromising of the mentally ill perpetrators Health to themselvesRead MoreHigh Education And Vocational Programs2139 Words   |  9 Pagesstate prisoners and 27 percent of federal prisoners have neither a high school diploma nor GED. By comparison, just 18 percent of the general population failed to obtain a GED or high school diploma†, Conis, Delisi (2013). Most convicted inmates typically don’t have any high education achievements prior to their convictions. In prison, inmates are revoked the opportunities such as work, education and social contact from the outside world. They chose this path by the actions they took to get them in aRead MoreResearch Paper Illiteracy9348 Words   |  38 Pageswould provide them with a more literate and educated community thus adding to the value of the human resources of the community as well as the nation. This will create a more purposeful, disciplined and productive society, thereby cutting down on crime, idlers, and giving room for meaningful living. This will in turn lead to a higher level of success in all subject areas by students. Rationale: This paper has to do with the students at secondary school who are not showing any progress atRead MoreEyewitness Testimony On The Criminal Justice System3236 Words   |  13 Pagesjustice system, whether as a diversion from court, or as a substitution for sentencing (Daly, 2006). The most appropriate process will depend on a variety of factors, including the stage at which it is implemented, the background of the offender, the crime committed, and the willingness of various parties to be involved in the process. One form of restorative justice, which has been particularly prevalent in responding to the escalation of juvenile delinquency in Australia and overseas, is conferencingRead MoreGacos2418 Words   |  10 PagesCOMMUNITY2.1 STRATA TITLES 2.1.1 BEFORE AMENDMENT 2.1.2 AFTER AMENDMENT2.2 OTHER RELATED LAWS2.3 GUIDELINES ON APPLICATION OF GATED amp; GUARDED COMMUNITY | SyuKak atiq | 3.0 | ISSUE RELATING TO GATED amp; GUARDED COMMUNITY | pija | 4.0 | COMPARISON ON THE IMPLEMENTATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES4.1 SINGAPORE4.2 AUSTRALIA4.3 OTHER COUNTRIES | pokjak | 5.0 | ADVANTAGES amp; DISADVANTAGESEXAMPLES amp; IMPLICATION | Ami | 6.0 | CONCLUSION | | 7.0 | BIBLIOGRAPHY | | TABLE OF CASES 1.0

Business and Administration Unit5 - 1467 Words

Unit five: Principles of supporting business events Assessment Section 1 – Understand how to support the organisation of a business event 1. When organising a business event, describe the range of support activities that may be required. Types of events and main features (formal meetings including board meetings and annual general meetings, semiinformal including team meetings or sales meetings, exhibitions and trade fairs, receptions, conferences); agreeing role and responsibilities to provide support activities required (clarifying purpose, type and size of event, identifying target audience and confirming numbers, planning tasks and resources); confirming venue with others 1 Organising a venue The venues for business†¦show more content†¦Health, safety and security support |2. Produce a record of the | |size, |(checking |meeting/event; circulating materials (meeting| |layout, time required for advance notice or |emergency procedures, housekeeping |minutes, evaluation forms, making sure these | |bookings, assessing facilities for parking, |arrangements, security of materials and |are within agreed timescales) | |catering; number and type of delegates, |equipment) | | |special requirements; venue checklist | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Section 2 – Understand the purpose of displaying professional and helpful behaviour whilstShow MoreRelatedGrading System1701 Words   |  7 Pagesas students transact with the registrar to ask for their grades, it could be easy for the registry office to release the grades of the students instantly. A grading system could be a great help, not only for the students but also for the school administration for the enhancement of the school’s grade recording system. The East Pacific Computer College (EPCC) encounters problem always in releasing the grades of the students for the reason that it takes them time to browse of scan the cabinet filesRead MoreSony Corporate4491 Words   |  18 Pagesis almost well-known by making losses. In 2012, Sony’s chief executive Kazuo Hirai announced that the firm will shed 10,000 staff which working in businesses that are being sold in major reorganization. Sony also emphasizes that it will focus its business on three core areas: digital imaging, games consoles and mobile devices. Finally, it also discussed the reasons why Sony needs to cut jobs and the layoffs will help Sony transfer their position from loss to profit. The first measure is researching

Hope is the meaning of life, which is the reason for staying alive, and having something to live for Essay Example For Students

Hope is the meaning of life, which is the reason for staying alive, and having something to live for Essay Hope is the meaning of life, which is the reason for staying alive, and having something to live for. When Martin Luther once said, Everything that is done in the world is done by hope, he meant that if you never have hope, nothing can be accomplished. Hope is what the characters in John Wyndhams book; The Chrysalids lived for. First, the characters set goals for themselves to achieve, which drove hope. Next, the characters knew that there was a possibility that the future would hold a better life than the present. Finally, positive character relations gave inspiration, which drove hope. We will write a custom essay on Hope is the meaning of life, which is the reason for staying alive, and having something to live for specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Clearly, hope and inspiration are expressed consistently throughout the book. Primarily, the characters set goals for themselves to achieve, which drove their hope. The main and most important goal in the Waknuk society was the goal of eliminating deviations. Joseph Strorms goal was to eliminate all offences, and blasphemies, so he could live in a place that respected the true image of god. Joseph was able to have hope in eliminating all deviations, because he knew that god, The Bible and The Repentances all believed that the world should be comprised of people that obeyed the true image. When heading to the Fringes, the single goal of all characters was to escape and have freedom. David Rosalind and Petra had to leave Waknuk, and escape safely to the Fringes. They were determined to make it, because David would not let anything bad happen to the others. David was hoping that they would escape without harm, and one night while Rosalind was sleeping, David had a conversation with Michael. After talking to Michael, he told Petra, Hush, darling. It isnt going to happen, because we arent going to let them catch us. pg 144 When he told Petra that nothing was going to happen, he was solidifying their goal. The final goal that the characters had was the goal to please, living to please. Anne loved Alan deeply, and she married, so she could please him.. Anne felt that the only thing that she had to live for was Alan. Trying to please Alan gave Anne hope, and when Alan was shot, all of Annes hope was eliminated. Anne no longer had anything to live for, so she committed suicide. Through the characters goals in eliminating deviations, escaping to freedom, and living to please, they were able to have hope for the future. Subsequently, positive character relations drove hope. First, optimism, optimism is a great quality which rubs off on people giving the others hope. The Sealand woman was a very optimistic lady, and she never doubted herself, always thinking of the glass as half full. When Michael doubted her reliability, she showed how optimistic she was when she stated, You can count on us 178. The optimism of the Sealand woman rubbed off on the others, giving them a sense of hope. Next, brave people have remarkable courage that stands out clearly and drives hope. When Katherine was being torture to tell about the other telepathics, Sally stayed strong. Even though Sally knew she would be next, she showed courage by not succumbing to the torture, and by not telling the truth. The other characters knew that Sally stayed strong, and did not back down to torture giving them hope. Lastly, when a character is inspiring they drive hope. When Sophie was forced to the fringes, because she was different, she became sure of herself, positive, and inspirational to the others. .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 , .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 .postImageUrl , .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 , .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31:hover , .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31:visited , .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31:active { border:0!important; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31:active , .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31 .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue9e98d541d41b3adb7850c56725fbb31:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free Candides: The Human Corruption Candide EssayShe showed she was sure of herself, when she stated, damn you,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Leave me alone, damn you Without meaning to, Sophie inspired the others to accept what came their way, and run with it. They knew that they could all change and adapt as well as she did. Obviously, the relationships that Sally Sophie and the Sealand women had with the others were all very positive. They rubbed their inspiration, courage, and optimism off on the others, driving hope. Finally, the characters had hope because they knew that the future would be better than the present. Dreams showed glimpses of the future that encouraged hope. David started and ended the book with the same dream of Sealand, which was a much better place than Waknuk. Sealand was a place where telepathic deviations were respected, and people were jealous of those with super human abilities. David sensed that the place was actually real, and when his dream kept on reoccurring, he had hope that his future could be better if he could just get there. Next, when communication occurs with another world, it is evident that there is another place where the future could be better. Throughout the book Petra had extraordinarily strong telepathic abilities, and through her abilities she was able to communicate with people from much farther away than any of the others could. Petra learned of her abilities when she heard background noise. She told David of the other noise when she said, shes a long way, a very long, long way away, I think. pg 134 Knowing that there was somewhere else in the universe gave the characters hope, the reality of a better place became much more real, which drove their hope. The characters individual thoughts inspired them to question their own world, and wonder for a better place. They all believed that Waknuk was not the ideal place that it was depicted to be. Many people that lived in Waknuk believed that it was a perfect place, but in reality Waknuk was not really perfect. The thought shapers knew that there would be something better out there, and if they tried hard enough to get to a better place, they would eventually find a superior land. Evidently, the characters dreams, communication, and individual thoughts show that they believe their future lives will be better than the lives that they are currently living. Clearly, hope and inspiration are expressed consistently. Setting goals drove hope. Positive relations drove hope, and knowing that the future would be better drove hope. Hope is necessary for survival, without hope there is nothing to live for. Nobody can live and enjoy life without hope. Clearly, as stated by Martin Luther, Everything that is done in the world is done by hope, Hope is essential.

Life In Past Essays - American Slaves, Sojourner Truth, Slavery

Life In Past SOJOUNER TRUTH Sojourner Truth was born under the name Isabella Van Wagener. This was not even her last name but her masters last name because slaves went by their master's last name. She had at least five children with another slave that her master married her to named Thomas. For a while she lived in slavery until a day in 1826 when Isaac Van Wagener set her free. In irony less then a year later slavery was banned in New York. Right after slavery had been made illegal she went to court and recovered her smallest son who had been sold away. In 1829 she went to New York City and supported herself with domestic employment. While in New York City she met Elijah Pierson, a religious missionary. She joined his retrenchment society and eventually his household. In 1843 she left New York City and changed her name to Sojourner Truth, which she used from then on. Obeying a voice she said she heard from god travel up and down the land she went to churches all over the place and got people to accept the Bible and God. In 1850 she wrote a book which she named The Narrative of Sojourner Truth. One other thing that Sojourner Truth was famous for was her Ain't I A Women speech in 1851 at the Women's Rights Convention. No formal record of it exists, but Frances Gage who was the president of the convention, recounted Truth's words. She said that the words Ain't I A Women were very strong and uplifting. Also they have become common words women use today to show their rights. In the 1850s she settled in Battle Creek, Michigan. While here she gathered supplies for black volunteer regiments and in 1864 went to Washington D.C., where she helped integrate street cars and was received at the White House by Abraham Lincoln. For the rest of her life she helped fight for freedom of slaves all around the U.S. then in 1875 she returned to Battle Creek, where she stayed until her death. Social Issues Essays

Tetracolon Climax (Rhetoric and Sentence Styles)

Tetracolon Climax (Rhetoric and Sentence Styles) Tetracolon climax (or simply tetracolon) is a  rhetorical term for a series of four members (words, phrases, or clauses), usually in parallel form. Adjective: Tetrcolonic. Also called a  tetracolon crescendo. Pronunciation: TET-ra-KOL-un cli-max Etymology: From the Greek, four limbs According to Ian Robinson, Numbers of rhetoricians follow Quintilian in recommending four as the norm, the tetracolon, though Cicero preferred three, and Demetrius says four is the maximum (The Establishment of Modern English Prose, 1998). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: ClimaxIsocolonParallelismParisonSeriesTricolon Examples and Observations It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address, 1863)I write humor the way a surgeon operates, because it is a livelihood, because I have a great urge to do it, because many interesting challenges are set up, and because I have the hope that it may do some good.(James Thurber, letter to E.B. White, April 24, 1951)He and we were a party of men walking together, seeing, hearing, feeling, understanding the same world; and in two minutes, with a sudden snap, one of us would be gone- one mind less, one world less.(George Orwell, A Hanging, 1931)I had seen s o many begin to pack their lives in cotton wool, smother their impulses, hood their passions, and gradually retire from their manhood into a kind of spiritual and physical semi-invalidism. In this they are encouraged by wives and relatives, and its such a sweet trap.(John Steinbeck, Travels With Charley: In Search of America, 1961) Out of its wild disorder comes order; from its rank smell rises the good aroma of courage and daring; out of its preliminary shabbiness comes the final splendor. And buried in the familiar boasts of its advance agents lies the modesty of most of its people.(E.B. White, The Ring of Time)The same government that you go abroad to fight for and die for is the government that is in a conspiracy to deprive you of your voting rights, deprive you of your economic opportunities, deprive you of decent housing, deprive you of decent education.(Malcolm X, The Ballot or the Bullet, April 12, 1964)Reading is the best medicine for a sicke man, the best musicke for a sadde man, the best counsel for a desperate man, the best comfort for one afflicted.(John Florio, First Fruites, 1578)The city, for the first time in its long history, is destructible. A single flight of planes no bigger than a wedge of geese can quickly end this island fantasy, burn the towers, crumble the bridges, turn the underground passages into lethal chambers, cremate the millions.(E.B. White, Here Is New York, 1948 Life is truly known only to those who suffer, lose, endure adversity and stumble from defeat to defeat.(Ryszard Kapuscinski, A Warsaw Diary. Granta, 1985)I got up promptly to tend some new chicks and was busy with them for a half hour before breakfast, thinking of palms and Christ and bombs and dry litter.(E.B. White, Songbirds) Tricolons vs Tetracolons"In the anti-math of writing, the number three [a tricolon] is greater than four [a tetracolon]. The mojo of three offers a greater sense of completeness than four or more."(Roy Peter Clark, Writing Tools. Little, Brown, 2006)

Every AP Biology Practice Test Available Free and Official

Every AP Biology Practice Test Available Free and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Practice tests can help you get familiar with the structure of the AP Biology examand feel more comfortable with the types of questions you'll be expected to answer on test day. Studying with practice tests can also give you insight into the specific struggles you might have with the material as presented on the AP test. You can then focus your studying appropriately to tackle these problems. In this article, I'll list all the practice tests for AP Biology that you can find online and give you a few tips on how to use them effectively as study aids for both the AP test and any in-class tests you have throughout the school year. Official AP Biology PracticeExams Official practice tests provide the best preparation for the AP test.You can be sure that the questions are accurate representations of what you'll see on the final exam. Unfortunately, I could only find one official practice test for the new version of the AP Biology test since the format and content changed so recently (2012).However, this practice test also has other information that makes it more helpful. It tells you how to calculate your score and includes detailed answer explanations for each question at the end. Official Practice Test #1 Don't start your practice with this test. It's the most accurate preparation you'll have forthe real AP test, so you should save it for towards the end of your second semester when you feel confident that you've mastered the material. It's better to begin studying with the unofficial tests in the next section as a warm-up! You can also access official free-response questions from 2013, 2014, and 2015 on the College Board website. Free Response Questions The free-response section of the AP Biology test is usually considered to be the most difficult part, so it’s good to have a little extra practice with these even if you’re not answering them in the context of a full practice test. In addition to these resources, all AP teachers have access to a bunch of free official practice AP tests online. You can ask your teacher if he or she will print a couple out for you to use in your studying. It might take more than one apple to get those extra practice tests out of your teacher, but ultimately everyone has a price. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. UnofficialAP Biology PracticeExams There are many unofficial AP Biology practice tests out there that you can use to help review the material.There’s nothing wrong with using these tests to get more practice, but try not to rely on them exclusively because they are not always totally accurate representations of the real AP Biology exam.Some are aligned with the format of the pre-2012 exam, and some are just multiple-choice tests of varying lengths with no free response questions. Because the AP Biology exam has been revised, you'll get a more accurate estimate of how well you're doing if you use recent practice tests that are aligned with the new test's format. Before 2012, the AP Biology testhad 100 multiple-choice questions and four free-response questions rather than the current 63 multiple-choice questions, six grid-in questions, six short free-response questions, and two long free-response questions. The old test was also more memorization-based. On the current AP Biology exam, you'll have to answer a lot of questions that involve analyzing experimental data using your background knowledge of biology. You won't see questions that just ask you to do something like identify parts of a process in a diagram. A couple of these unofficial tests do have the same format as the current exam, including the Barron's practice test and all the tests in the "subscription needed" section. You should save these for later on in your second semester when you want to get a more accurate assessment of your readiness for the final exam (and then follow them up with the official practice test in the previous section if you feel confident that you've fixed your problem areas!). Free AP Biology Practice Tests Barron’s Practice Test Barron’s offers a free practice test online that has the same format as the current AP test. You can take it in timed or untimed (â€Å"practice†) mode. If you use practice mode, you can see answer explanations as you go along. The multiple-choice section has automated scoring, but you’ll have to self-score your free-response answers (guidelines are provided). My Max Score Practice Test This is an old-format test that includes 100 multiple choice questions and four free-response questions. It also has detailed answer explanations for all questions. Varsity Tutors Diagnostic Tests This is a list of ten multiple-choice diagnostic tests rated by difficulty level. Tests 4-10 have the same number of questions as the real multiple-choice section. Sorry, there are no free-response questions on this site. Kaplan Practice Tests There are a few unit-specific quizzes here along with two longer practice tests that have almost as many questions as the multiple-choice section on the real exam (58 and 62 as opposed to 63 + 6 grid-ins). There are no free-response questions. Learning Express 120-Question and 100-Question Practice Tests These are a couple more old-format multiple-choice tests with answers included at the end. If you just want to test yourself on the basic information in the course, these could be useful. Subscription Needed Shmoop Practice Tests (free trial available, $24.68 a month for subscription) A subscription to Shmoop will get you access to a diagnostic test plus five full AP Biology practice tests (including both multiple-choice and free-response questions, although these are of course unofficial). Shmoop tries a little too hard to relate to kids with their writing style, but if you're not put off by that, it might be a good resource for you. BenchPrep Practice Tests (with subscription that costs $30 a month) Here, you’ll get access to two full practice tests plus a ton of lessons. Practice Tests inReview Books You might also decide to order a review book to get access to more practice tests. You'll find some good resources in the books listed in my article on the best AP Biology books for 2016. Make sure you have some nice fresh erasers cuz your pencils are in for a wild ride across the treacherous terrain of the AP Biology curriculum. Wooohooooo! How to Use AP Biology Practice Tests This section is full of all the advice you need to follow to use AP Biology practice tests effectively during both your first and second semesters in the class. First Semester: Using Practice Tests for Your Class Although it might not make sense to take full practice tests yet, you can still use the materials in this article as resources for your studying.Look for free-response questions that relate to what you’ve learned so far so that you can start to get familiar with their format and expectations. There are also plenty of sites that have quizzes that touch on specific units in the AP Biology curriculum.These include Learnerator, Varsity Tutors (which I mention above for diagnostic tests, but they also have subject-by-subject quizzes), and Quizlet.These won’t be official questions, but they will help prepare you for in-class assessments and serve as a solid introduction to the types of questions you might be asked on the AP test.You should also check out my complete AP Biology review guide for more advice on how you can use online resources to study specific units of the course. Second Semester: Preparing for the AP Test By this time, you should be familiar with most of the material that you’ll see on the test.This means you can start using full practice tests to judge how you’ll score on the AP test and where your weaknesses lie.Remember to time yourself accurately when you take practice tests!Each time you take and score a practice test, you should also do an evaluation of your mistakes that will inform your studying going forward.Mistakes come in a few different forms, and things can be even more complex on the AP Biology test because there are technically four types of questions. Focus on the multiple-choice section first, including the grid-ins.Notice whether your mistakes tend to happen on straightforward questions where you just didn’t have the content knowledge or on questions that require deeper analysis.Were there specific content areas where you missed a significant number of questions?Keep track of this so that you can go back into your notes and review the appropriate unit(s).These are easy mistakes to fix. Did you have trouble interpreting and analyzing scenarios on the test even though you knew the background information?The remedy for this is more practice. There are many sites with AP Bio practice questions available.This book of practice questions is also useful because the questions faithfully replicate the new design of the test. It’s possible that your problem lies outside the specifics of the questions and more in the format of the test.Did you run out of time? Make a ton of careless mistakes?The solution to this is greater awareness of your pacing and more practice questions. Careless mistakes can be avoided by greater awareness of your surroundings. Also, how did someone even fit that big of a gum wad in their mouth? Was a giant chewing gum in this parking lot? Should we be concerned about his current location? I have a lot of questions. Grid-ins are weird, so you may have had trouble on them if you’re not big on the math aspect of biology.Try to find similar problems in your textbook, review book, or online so that you can practice your skills.The more math-oriented biology questions you do over time, the more likely it is that the questions on the test will be aligned with what you’ve already seen. After taking your multiple-choice mistakes into account, you can move onto the free response section.Notice which questions gave you the most trouble and why.Did you forget the information you needed, or were you confused about what the question was asking or how to analyze a diagram?Take these findings and apply them to your future practice! Essential AP Biology Practice Testing Tips Follow these four tips to be sure to get the most out of your AP Biology practice tests. #1: Replicate Realistic Test Conditions It’s always important to be faithful to the rules of the real test when you take practice tests so that your scores accurately reflect your potential.That means an hour and thirty minutes for each section.This is the only way to judge whether time is going to be an issue for you.You should also print out the test so that you take it in the right format. Have a calculator on hand as well.If you’re really dedicated, you can even have someone serve as your mock proctor. #2: Don’t Panic if You’re Not Familiar With Scenarios You See on the Test Even if you’ve gone over every in-class lab that you had to do for AP Biology, you will still run into examples you haven’t seen before.It’s important not to psych yourself out when this happens.Focus on the diagrams and what you can learn from them, and see if you can think of a related experiment that will clue you into what they mean.Use your common sense; many questions will depend more heavily on your ability to analyze the situation at hand than on your memorization talent. #3: Give Yourself Plenty of Time for the Grid-Ins The so-called multiple-choice section also includes six grid-in questions.These questions are at the end of the section, and they will probably take you longer to solve than most multiple-choice questions.Try not to spend more than a minute on each multiple-choice question.If you find that you’re taking too much time, you should move on and come back to it later! #4: Spend 5-10 Minutes Reading the Free-Response Questions Before You Start Writing It’s a smart idea to start with the free-response questions that you know you can answer quickly and accurately. Leading with these questions will boost your confidence and help you avoid problems with time.Use the short reading period to look over all eight free-response questions and see which ones will be easiest for you to tackle. For example, I would definitely answer a question about snails first. I love snails. My pet snail died not too long ago, and I'm scared to get another one because I don't want to feel that pain again. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Conclusion You should take plenty of practice tests as part of your studying for AP Biology.You can’t expect pure memorization to save you on questions that ask you to analyze scenarios you’ve never seen before. Practice questions are the key to improvement! You can use a mixture of official and unofficial tests to practice. Just be wary of major differences in your scores from test to test so that you can accurately assess your readiness for the final.You can even use these tests throughout the year to practice for specific units of the course.If you do enough serious practice, the real AP test will be a piece of cake (well, maybe not, but it will be much less traumatizing). What's Next? Check out my detailed guide to the AP Biology Exam for more information about what's on this test and how you can prepare for it. Are you taking both AP tests and SAT Subject Tests? Find out which kind of test is more important and what the major differences are between the two. Many students take AP classes in the hopes of earning credit for college coursework in high school. Learn more about how AP credit works in college. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Gorgias - Phaedrus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gorgias - Phaedrus - Essay Example He believes that justice defines equal proportions to all as the most powerful and less powerful people are all considered to have equal rights and responsibilities. Intelligent he believes that justice does not come from power but is attained through equality. He differs with the definition of natural justice which states that ‘the weak are there to be ruled’ but instead considers slaves to be stronger than their masters due to the difference in daily experiences (Wardy, 2005. Pg. 59). Socrates is persuasive as he insists on knowing Gorgias concept of examining nature of rhetoric. He pesters Gorgias to explain to him the art in rhetoric. This is portrayed in an extract of their conversation when Gorgias says, â€Å"Therefore I claim that the art of Rhetoric has to do with the words, and maintain that may claim is correct.† Socrates responds by saying, â€Å"I wonder whether I understand the kind of thing you wish to call it.†(Wardy, 2005. Pg. 62) Socrates also believes in inner personal drive as he tells Callicles that a slave is better than his master as he possesses greater strength. In Phaedrus, Socrates is given the characters of a critic as he criticizes the speech written by Lysias the love aspect presented by the logographer thus proposing that â€Å"the speech should focus on the non-lover rather than the lover.† In conjunction to this, he bears the character of a hypocrite as he praises Love in his speech having disputed it on Lysias’s writings (Plato, 2008). The persuasive nature of Socrates makes him to strive in the verge of finding out the true definition of rhetoric. In his view, rhetoric is divided into two approaches. The first approach uses flattery and shameful public harangue. Second approach considers the creation of a good image in a dialogue as a writer tends to strive towards what is considered to be

IT117 Unit 2 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT117 Unit 2 DB - Research Paper Example This may also include involving potential partners in the site`s account of the corresponding social medias accounts. Uploading videos – brief videos of the organizational activities explaining the products and services the organization is offering can be very helpful to the sites` visitors since some visitors would rather watch other than read what is contained in the site. Competent webmaster – it is of great importance to keep up with the latest internet trends in order to be up to date with others, otherwise the site might look outdated and this will not attract visitors. Considering that this is a non-profit organization, Karina ought to have included some features that would sell out the organization`s agendas to a larger extent. One of the things she omitted is the visitors` platform where the visitors interact. Here they can also leave comments. Secondly, Karina should have included a message from the director or the Chief Executive Officer in a small section of the

Truth in Literature Essay Example for Free

Truth in Literature Essay The truth provides different functions to different people. Truth to some people is simply boring so they choose to alter it as much as possible. This is also known as lying. Others try to run away from it, they simply cannot deal with reality. Some even go to the extreme by living their while life as a lie, while trying to deceive others. The truth in literature, as I perceive it, is something that only the reader can decide as being fact or fiction. There is neither right nor wrong to the information you obtain. The option is in your hands, and you are the one who should decide eventually if what you read or hear is fact, fiction, valuable, important, or useful for your future. Marta Martin may have omitted certain emotions or occurrences in order to appear stronger and more heroic to a reader. Richard Rodriguez lied to himself throughout his life in order to make himself believe he was better than his past. Finally, W. D. Snodgrass lied to everyone around him and even to himself, while chasing female students, in order to maintain an appearance of an upstanding professor. The story of Marta Martin can be very strange to some, but others can see her as a hero. Marta Martin was a pregnant woman who found herself caught in a terrible storm in the middle of Alaska. She was forced to survive on her own and there was no one else to help her. Marta kept a diary where she described how she managed to survive. In her diary she described a day when she killed a sea otter with an ax, peeled his skin, and ate his liver and heart. When you read her story you try to imagine a woman doing all that, but it gets harder when you realize that most pregnant women find even the smallest chores difficult. I tried to imagine a woman, but all I could invision was a man. What is even more interesting is that there was no emotion mentioned in the diary. There were no complaints, or pain, and she never mentioned the fact that she might be scared staying at the house all alone with her baby due very soon. She wrote about events that required emotional strength and physical characteristics not common to a young pregnant woman. Marta never once mentioned fear or apprehension that I feel even a man might feel in those circumstances. Many who read her story would be astonished to think that she accomplished all that alone. Many others will consider her a liar. In the beginning of her story she mentioned the reason as to why she choose to tell her story I can hardly write, but I must. For two reasons: first I am afraid I may never live to tell my story, and second, I must do something to keep my sanity. (martin,301) I believe she wrote the story not because she wanted to keep her sanity. Clearly she had plenty of work to do before the baby came, but she chose to write her story so that no one will forget her, so that everyone who will read this story sees her as a hero. A woman who did what would be impossible for most women out there. I dont know Marta Martin, though somewhere in my heart I believe that the truth is quite different. The truth is, that as a woman, she must have been scared and lonely. Im sure that she had many nights she found herself crying and praying for help. The truth, as I see it , is that there is no woman in this world who can kill an animal , get trapped in snow storm, live all by herself pregnant, and not mention a word of fear . However, it is not up to me to tell the truth. I’m simply the person who read it, and chooses to accept it, or interpret it differently. Marta Martin wanted to remain a hero. She wanted everyone to remember her as a hero. And with all that she did, that woman is a hero with or without mentioning a word or two of fear. The truth might be far different than what she chose to portray in her diary, but the fact is that she did survive, she did kill the sea otter and peel his skin, and she did have her baby. Thats the truth. What happened in between is her choice to tell us, and it is our responsibility to accept it or not. Richard Rodriguez altered the truth in a different way than Marta Martin and for a different purpose. Rodriguez was boy who wanted to be different from his middle class immigrant family. As a child Richard read as many books as he could, he used to always be the one to answer teacher’s questions and soon became smarter then his siblings and even his parents. His family couldnt really understand why he was so fascinated in reading books all the time and his brothers and sisters used to make fun of him. Even the other pupils in the class did not like him since he was the smart one. Later on, when it came time to choose a college, he chose the one far from home, far from his family. By then, he was embarrassed by his family’s lack of education and attempted to isolate himself as much as possible. In college he did very well and when he used to come back home he had nothing to share with his family. He thought that they would not understand anyhow, so why even bother. In the end the author wrote the truth about the typical school boy, in the end Rodriguez came to face the painful truth. He realized that in attempting to run from the past, run from his family, he lost something so profound and important that no matter how hard he would attempt to restore it, he would not succeed. He became more nostalgic for what was never really there, and for the thoughts of what might have been. Rodriguez was attempting to escape his family, but in doing so he faced the truth that in his heart he actually desired to be closer to his family. His goal was to become educated and felt that educated people were more admired. What he learned was all memorized; he did not learn intuition, creativity, interpretation, or how to solve complex problems. â€Å"Faithfully I wrote down all that they said. I memorized it:† I heard it all. But there was no way for any of it to mean very much to me. † (Rodriguez,670) W. D. Snodgrass lied to everyone around him and even to himself and reflects on this in a poem called â€Å"April inventory†, where an old man give the reader a glance of his life as a teacher. Through that window we discover information that some will consider as inappropriate, or even disturbing. His reality is far from been normal to me, yet he consider it as been of his everyday life. Through his poem, he demonstrates how he becomes older. He loose his hair at some point and also his teeth. At the same time he describe the way he sees the girls he is teaching . to him they are always young and slender and pinker every year. He also, creates a big scandal in our society, which he hides from the authorities. I have not learned there is a lie Love shall be blonder, slimmer, younger: That my equivocating eye Loves only by my bodies hunger That I have forced true to feel Or that the lovely world is real Eventually when I read the poem more carefully I discover that the truth is far more disturbing that just the way he sees himself comparison to the girls he is teaching. I realized that by saying† †¦love should be blonder slimmer younger â€Å" he implies that his goal is to sleep with the girls in his class. His only goal was sexual and not educational in purpose, and teaching was the last thing on his ‘to do list’. Therefore, he was lying and deceiving everyone into believing he was a teacher who was concerned about the education his students receive. While the awful truth is that he cared more about his looks and that fact that he is getting old and not the education. The truth is that he cared more to the fact that he can not sleep with them anymore for he is too old now. The truth as I see it in this poem is that he knows the truth but he choose to live a fantasy. â€Å"I have not learned how often I can win, can love, but choose to die. † (Snodgrass, 7) . He as an adult, authority figure knows very well the consequence to his actions. He is well aware of what he has done; he can part from right and wrong, yet he chooses a life of a lie. I feel he was also lying to himself to ignore that he was growing old; he was trying to convince himself he was still young and attractive by sleeping with younger girls. From these stories, and many others, truth can mean different things to different people. Truth can be very hard to deal with and is part of personal growth, as we see in Rodriguez’s story. Truth may be simply boring or make a person appear less heroic as in Marta Martin’s story. In other cases the truth is extremely exaggerated to the point when the author is living his whole life as a lie, as seen in the poem â€Å"April Inventory†. Truth, to me, is essentially the most important virtue in our life. But I won’t judge those who choose to change it for literature. I won’t point a finger and call them liars, for I might embellish the truth sometimes too.

Free College Admissions Essays: The Outreach Program :: College Admissions Essays

College Admissions: The Outreach Program The Panuluyan was a real eye-opener for me. It made me become aware of the things, which I have normally taken for granted. It was so surprising to see how much little they have, yet at the same time they cherish each little blessing they receive and they never cease to be grateful for what is given to them. It made me see that it was easier to please those who have less, because they expect less. The trip to Camarin also made me realize how much different we are, yet very much the same. We have different concerns, different views, and different standard of happiness. But at the same time all of us have the same basic needs, has his own dreams, needs to be loved, longs to be free from struggle and pain, and desires to be happy. We are two planes on the same ground. One thing that struck me was the warmth and hospitality they have shown and given us. They welcome us to their home ad treat us like guests. They serve us food and drinks alongside with their profuse apology "pasensya na ho kayo, ito lang ang kaya namin", although they might not have enough for themselves. They are very thankful for the help our school has given to their children, which might be one reason why they wanted us to be as comfortable as possible. On the house our group was assigned to, we noticed that sandals and slippers were removed before entering the house. We asked the owner if it was necessary for us to remove our shoes since the path leading to their house was muddy, but she hastily replied "ay wag na po! 'wag na!" So we just wiped our shoes and entered the house with it. It was only when we entered the house, not more than the size of my room, did we realize that the same place we stood was also where they slept! And we trampled it with our muddy shoes. Despite their situation, I noticed that the people in Camarin are generally happy. Everyone in the barangay knows everyone, the neighbors help each other out; families back each other up and are always there for each other. Even their goals are selfless. The woman we talked to only wishes for her children to finish school and hopefully have a 'better' life in the near future. Free College Admissions Essays: The Outreach Program :: College Admissions Essays College Admissions: The Outreach Program The Panuluyan was a real eye-opener for me. It made me become aware of the things, which I have normally taken for granted. It was so surprising to see how much little they have, yet at the same time they cherish each little blessing they receive and they never cease to be grateful for what is given to them. It made me see that it was easier to please those who have less, because they expect less. The trip to Camarin also made me realize how much different we are, yet very much the same. We have different concerns, different views, and different standard of happiness. But at the same time all of us have the same basic needs, has his own dreams, needs to be loved, longs to be free from struggle and pain, and desires to be happy. We are two planes on the same ground. One thing that struck me was the warmth and hospitality they have shown and given us. They welcome us to their home ad treat us like guests. They serve us food and drinks alongside with their profuse apology "pasensya na ho kayo, ito lang ang kaya namin", although they might not have enough for themselves. They are very thankful for the help our school has given to their children, which might be one reason why they wanted us to be as comfortable as possible. On the house our group was assigned to, we noticed that sandals and slippers were removed before entering the house. We asked the owner if it was necessary for us to remove our shoes since the path leading to their house was muddy, but she hastily replied "ay wag na po! 'wag na!" So we just wiped our shoes and entered the house with it. It was only when we entered the house, not more than the size of my room, did we realize that the same place we stood was also where they slept! And we trampled it with our muddy shoes. Despite their situation, I noticed that the people in Camarin are generally happy. Everyone in the barangay knows everyone, the neighbors help each other out; families back each other up and are always there for each other. Even their goals are selfless. The woman we talked to only wishes for her children to finish school and hopefully have a 'better' life in the near future.

Philippines: The jejemon fever Essay

What’s the texting capital of the world? It’s the Philippines. Wherever you set your eyes in the streets, in schools, in malls, you can see various people giving much attention in pressing the keypads of their phones. It’s been a habit for most of us Filipinos that on our leisure time, we spend it through texting. Admit it that even during class discussion some teachers and students usually look at their phones to see if someone had texted them. Texting here in the Philippines before was so single. We just shortened the words by sometimes omitting the vowels until a new style of texting was introduced and used – the jejemon way. Jejemon is a collective term for those persons who use a different kind of spelling and pronunciation on our English and Filipino words especially when texting. They are peculiar with their clothes. The term jejemon actually came from two words: jeje and mon. Compared to us ordinary Filipinos, jejemons have a different language. They also have a unique alphabet called the jejebeth. It is quite different in our English alphabet because it contains both letters and numbers on their alphabet. They don’t mind the grammatical incorrectness of their sentences. It is very hard to read a text message of a jejemon. You would need minutes or even hours to understand what they are trying to say. It’s like it still need to decode these sentences to fully understand them. Like a jejebuster, Filipinos should stop too much exposure of this language to the youth especially now, even Grade 5 or Grade 6 students in elementary are already exposed in mobile phones and are so much fund of texting. Even before the dominion of jejemos, spelling of words is so much affected already by our simple way of texting. Filipino texters already have a different language. Could you imagine what would happen to the proficiency of the youth on the English language if this rising number of jejemons continuously increased? Well, it’s simply a massive decreased on our adaptness in the English language especially when speaking and writing poems say for example. As time goes by some Filipinos who continuously use this language, the probability is for us to be fund of it that they might forget the real spelling of any jejemon word using our own alphabet on the English one. It may also result to less job opportunities because upon using this language even only texting, the way we speak ca be greatly affected. There is a less chance for them to be hired because their interviewer might not understand what they talking about. Our English education is also at sake. Perhaps, because of these jejemons, our education might be destabilized. But in fairness to the government, the Department of Education already implemented some training to English teachers, disseminate quality English books and provide remedial classes to students. Department of Education officials and workers also coordinate with the parents of our students to encourage the youth in using proper English. Thousands of years ago, English was introduced to Filipino ancestors by several teachers brought by the United States by the end of the Spanish era in 1989. It was widely used until such time that it became the medium of instruction in all schools. This trend was passed on from generation to generation which made Filipinos at present proficient in the said language. In the long run, the Filipino’s adeptness in speaking and writing using English as the medium had helped the country attract foreign investors to support its industry thus helping most of the population overcome hunger and poverty. This is one of the reasons why English is retained as the medium for communication next to the national language, Filipino. Perhaps, jejemon might also cause a decrease on the Philippines economy to have a greater economy, we need many investors and perhaps because of jejemons, the investors we are expecting to go in the Philippines would lessen. They might be distracted on the way jejemons dress up, speak and write. They may be offended especially our American investors because it’s like that their language had been disrespected due to the alternations on their alphabet and would be discouraged because of our poor proficiency in English – the universal language. According to the Roman Catholic Church, the birth of jejemons is fine. It will just be gone as time goes by. We can’t do anything about it because it is one way of showing our freedom of expression. However, the birth of jejemons is just like the birth of bacteria. If we won’t kill it at once, it will multiply as fast as it could until it is already countless same when a person has a cancer at stage 1, could you like this to reach stage 5 or would you cure it at once. Since, there are still so many Filipinos especially Filipino texters who are not yet so much influenced by this new style of texting, we could still stop the domination of jejemons. Filipinos should not allow it to reach its final stage wherein almost all, including the old and young speak and write words in a different way from what we are grown up with. Our national language – Filipino – is our identities. Jejemons worsens further our English proficiency today. Because of being popular, it is readily accepted by the youth which is very alarming. It influences a big part of our society where language means a lot. The distraction it creates on the technicalities of proper writing and forms of communication. This should be stopped before the worst thing happens; this is the passing of this form of informal language to the future generation.

Gambling addiction Essay

A few years back my brother, Zach, started gambling. He started out with the small poker tables at a friend’s house. He would make a few dollars here and there, so he thought he could beat anyone. Zach thought he was untouchable, he thought he could be the system. It did not matter what it was. He thought he could beat it, from poker to roulette to betting on sports. He believed that he would win every time. After he got uninterested of the poker tables, he moved to betting heavily on sports. He started by betting on small high school games, nothing major. Zach would bet twenty to thirty dollars, nothing he could worry about losing. That was okay until he started betting higher wages on larger games. He then moved to college games and from there started betting on the pros. His favorite sport to bet on was the NFL. That still would not stop him from gambling on a NBA game or a soccer game. He made his biggest bounty on a NFL game two years ago. He made six hundred dollars on one game. That is the point where he got hooked. He has not stopped gambling since and is facing a real problem. This month he has already spent a thousand dollars on betting and gambling. Within the last 6 months, he has spent approximately eight thousand dollars. His gambling varies from poker games to sports. Zach favorite thing to bet on is sports though. He keeps gambling more and more and does not realize how it is affecting him at all. Gambling affects his family, his social life, and his bank account. People who gamble can have several types of problems. They are several types of gamblers. There are professional gamblers, causal social gamblers, serious social gamblers, relief and escape gamblers, compulsive gamblers, and antisocial personality gamblers. Zach falls into the compulsive gamblers categories. Compulsive gambling is where gambling is the only thing that matters in life. The gambler ignores his or her family, social life, and business. Zach does all of this. Since he has gotten hooked on gambling he ignores his family, has almost no social life, and his business is taking a hit from it. Gambling addiction is a major problem, it does not only affect the gambler, but it also affects the whole family and close friends. It can create a massive amount of tension and friction between close members of the family and friends, in a different variety of ways. Before Zach started gambling, he was always around the family. He would never miss a family event. That all changed when he started gambling. He started to spend more and more time gambling. Every day he would gamble away whatever money he had. My family started to notice, but he said he was just fine. Zach started to miss birthday, dinners, and other family events. It was really affecting our family. Not only was it affecting our family, but it was affecting Zach’s social life. Zach use to be a pretty popular guy. He knew everyone and everyone knew him, for good reasons. Now everyone knows him because of his gambling. Zach used to be a stand up guy, responsible, and was loved by everyone. His social life was pretty great before his gambling addiction. Gambling affects Work Cited Borghesi, Richard. â€Å"Widespread Corruption In Sports Gambling: Fact or Fiction?. † Southern Economic Journal 74. 4 (2008): 1063-1069. Business Source Premier. Web. 17 Jan. 2012.

Lorraine Hansberry essays

Lorraine Hansberry essays Most Promising Playwright Lorraine Hansberry was the first African-American woman to have a play produced on Broadway. She dedicated her life to pursuing racial and sexual equality in the United States. Hansberry was born into a middle-class family on the south side of Chicago in 1930. She recalled her childhood as a happy one: The insulation of life within the Southside ghetto, of what must have easily been half a million people, protected me from some of the harsher and more bestial aspects of white-supremacist culture. When Hansberry was around eight years old, her family fought to live in a restricted white area and they were granted the permission to live in the area. However, they had to live through various violent actions and threats by angry neighbors. This incident gave Hansberry a very positive opinion of her parents. She became interested in theatre when she was in high school. Mine was the same old story she recollected, sort of hanging around little acting groups, and developing the f eeling that the theatre embraces everything I liked all at one time. As she furthered her education at the University of Wisconsin, she became even more acquainted with great theatre. Lorraine Hansberry moved to New York City in 1950 to begin her career as a writer. She wrote for Paul Robesons Freedom magazine and participated in various liberal crusades. At one of the protests about discrimination at New York University, she met Robert Nemiroff. Despite the fact he that was white, they fell in love and got married in 1953. He encouraged Hansberry in her writing efforts. One night in 1957 when the couple was entertaining a group of friends, they read a scene from her play in progress which was entitled A Raisin in the Sun. Their friends loved the play so much that they pushed for the completion and production of the drama within the ...

Repast and Repaste

Repast and Repaste Repast and Repaste Repast and Repaste By Maeve Maddox The old-fashioned word repast, meaning a meal, is still used by modern speakers, but rarely and self-consciously. Its rarity may explain the fact that many writers who do use it don’t know how to spell it. Here are some examples the misspelling of repast found in print and online: And don’t the Bedouin fry locusts in oil for a tasty repaste? we steered our sturdy craft to dock at a charming little riverside sandwich shop for a tasty repaste and a break from the ride. Two wild pigs provided a tasty repaste for about 25 folks enjoying a tasty repaste of four Quaker Chewy Peanut Butter Chocolate Chip granola bars The spelling and pronunciation of the noun repast conform to modern English spelling conventions. The letter a between consonants represents the short vowel sound, /à ¦/ as in past. Adding an e to the end of the word changes the short a to a long a, /eÉ ª/ as in paste. The spelling repaste does exist for two verbs. 1. repaste: verb. paste again. Say you’ve made a collage by pasting flowers and leaves to a piece of cardboard. What do you do if it starts falling apart? You repaste the bits that have fallen off. 2. repaste: verb. replace the thermal glue between the CPU and the heatsink in your computer. I’m on shaky ground here, but I’ll try to explain this one for fellow nongeeks. While cruising the web looking for incorrect spellings of repast, I discovered that computer gamers are concerned about the necessity to â€Å"repaste.† Computers contain something called a heatsink that draws heat away from the CPU (Central Processing Unit). The CPU and the heatsink are separated by a viscous substance called thermal grease or thermal paste that improves the efficiency of the heat sink by filling any tiny gaps that might exist. As I understand it, computer gaming generates a lot of heat and sometimes the thermal paste dries up, becoming less effective. A gamer â€Å"repastes† by opening the computer, scraping off the dried paste and replacing it with fresh. Other terms for the viscous material are thermal gel, thermal compound, heat paste, heat sink paste and heat sink compound. Bottomline: If you’re writing about food, spell it repast. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" 41 Words That Are Better Than GoodWhen Is a Question Not a Question?

General Electric's Nuclear Radiation Research Paper

General Electric's Nuclear Radiation - Research Paper Example There is a lot of concern growing today on the ethical issues in the electric and nuclear radiation. Similarly, it also includes the nuclear weapons, the nuclear power, and the larger nuclear fuel cycle space (Hale, 2011). Currently, there is today the emerging ethical issue such as the number of wastes, health, and the entire environment that surrounds the production of the material. The effect of nuclear reactors is so wide that even reaches the areas where indigenous and the poor people in the society live (Katz, 2006). One possible effect is the injustice that people and even their future generation suffer as a result of radiations. The presence of the negative evidence that concerns with the nuclear industry have its concerns with world's issues such as politics, the science, and even the economics. In addition, it also includes the leaders who support the development of the nuclear industry such as Sir Mark Oliphant. Just in the same way as any other discipline, ethics in the g eneral electric, nuclear radiation industry defines the good and the bad that comes as it is used by human beings. The notion of ethics in reference to this industry, however, should not be confused with the ethics that has to do with classifying good or evil. This is because even the most respected lot in society may also find themselves indulging in the evil, even with their knowledge that such acts would lead to the cause of the evil things.Today issues of ethics are just but another faction in the discussions that relate to it.

Production and operations Management Assignment

Production and operations Management - Assignment Example In addition, crude oil is also used for wide varieties of other purposes. The fractional distillation of gasoline produces an output known as gasoline. Gasoline is mainly used as fuel in internal combustion engines. Gasoline is traded in regional market; whereas, crude oil is the part of global market. Generally, the price of a commodity increases as demand increases (there are some exceptions to this rule) (Oxford). Since crude oil is a non-renewable energy source, its demand will not fall regardless of its price variation. Hence, when the demand for crude oil increases, its price also increases. Crude oil prices have a direct impact on the gasoline prices as crude is the major raw material used in the production of gasoline and other petroleum products. â€Å"Crude oil accounts for 55% of the price of gasoline while distribution and taxes influence the remaining 45 %† (Mazeel, 2010, pp.106-107). To illustrate, one barrel of crude oil contains 42 gallons of oil. If the price for one barrel of crude oil is $75, raw material worth $1.78 is required to produce a gallon of gasoline. This figure does not include transportation and other process charges. In total, when the global demand for crude oil increases, there will be a proportional increase in the retail price of gasoline also. When the global crude oil production is decreased by 10%, the crude oil supply might fall and this situation would probably result in a rise in crude oil price. Under such circumstances, domestic oil retailers may be forced to raise their prices in order to avoid loss. If Marathon adopts effective business strategies, the company may keep the price at the pump the same without losing profits even in times of a decline in global crude oil production. In order to achieve this goal, the Marathon has to acquire materials at reduced rate by researching different markets because a decrease in cost of production is

National Strategy for Homeland Security Research Paper

National Strategy for Homeland Security - Research Paper Example Anything that presents a threat, whether it is a person or a hurricane, will have no choice but to answer to the Department of Homeland Security before it touches the civilians of America. The Department of Homeland Security was former president George Bush’s response to the attacks of September 11, 2001. The idea behind the DHS was to ensure homeland security and to help prevent further attacks on the United States by outside forces, regardless of where these forces came from or what they consisted of. The official statement that contained the mission of DHS is as follows: â€Å"The mission of the Office will be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks. The Office will coordinate the executive branchs efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States (Department of Homeland Security, 2002).† There are five main responsibilities of the Department of Homeland Security. The first and foremost task is to guard the nation against terrorism. Securing the borders of the country and enforcing immigration laws immediately follow, as these involve keeping out people that could potentially be seeking to initiate terrorism on the country. Improving the readiness for, response to, and recovery from natural disasters make up the missions for the aspect of the department that deals with natural disasters that shake up the everyday lives of citizens. Finally, maturing and unifying the department, which helps to provide the best care for the nation by prompting unity within the department itself. The law enforcement agencies that have been acquired through the creation of the Department of Homeland Security are many, over twenty, and vary in duties and responsibilities.

Role of Metformin for Treatment of Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus

Role of Metformin for Treatment of Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus The role of metformin in the treatment of type II Diabetes Mellitus Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a sever inherited or acquired disease which occurs when either pancreas does not produce enough insulin, which characterises type I diabetes and it is most commonly diagnosed in children, or the insulin that has been produced does not get used by the body effectively, type II diabetes and therefore patients will have abnormally high level of glucose. Type II diabetes was previously called non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes (World Health Organisation, WHO website). The latest estimate of the number of diabetics worldwide in 2001 by the World health Organisation (WHO) is 171 million and this figure is likely to be doubled by 2030 (WHO website). A recent study conducted in the UK using the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) illustrate that the mortality rate is twice as high for patients with diabetes type II than those without it (Mulnier et al, 2006). The prevalence of type II diabetes is increasing rapidly both in the UK and worldwide. It has increased by 54% (from 2.8% to 4.3%) and the incidence has increased by 63% over the past decade (Gonzalez, 2009). In most of the cases Type II diabetes is associated with another disorder, obesity, (Krentz et al, 2008). Hence such high increase in the incidence rate for type II diabetes could be due to the increased rate of obesity over past few years as the life style of the population is generally getting poorer and 20% of the population is now obese (UK Obesity Statistics). Understanding and treatment of diabetes has advanced throughout the twentieth century and since insulin has been discovered, many antidiabetic therapies and oral agents such as, Sulphonylureas and Biguanides have been developed to improve glycaemia. Sulphonylurea was the first oral therapy to be discovered for diabetes. It is insulin secretagogues and hence it combats the abnormally high level of blood glucose but it also causes hypoglycaemia and weight gain as it can prolong insulin secretion (Warrell et al, 2006). Biguanides is a class of drugs that are considered antihyperglycemic agents. Metformin is a primary member of this class and it has surpassed sulfonylureas as the most prescribed oral antidiabetic drug in the UK and most parts of the world (Filion, 2009). Metformin is now the most popular treatment for diabetes type II as a study carried out using The Health Improvement database from 1966 to 2005 in the UK shows that only a small number of patients were treated with insul in and its use did not change significantly over the time of study period, in 1966 Sulphonylurea was the most common drug and metformin was relatively less common but by 2005 the use of Sulphonylurea had decreased remarkably and there had been a parallel increase in the use of metformin as a therapy for diabetes (Gonzalez, 2009). In 2006 the American Diabetes Association recommended it as the first drug of choice for patients. In the 15th edition of the Model list of Essential Medicine by WHO, metformin is one of the only two antidebetic oral drug agents (the other is glibenclamide) stated there (WHO, 2007). The other members of biguanides drug class are phenformin and buformin however these two drugs are no longer used in many countries because it carries a very high risk of lactic acidosis. Historical development: In medieval times, French lilac or Goats rue known as Galega officinalis was used as a remedy for intense urination associated with the disease that is now known as diabetes mellitus and the active ingredient in the French lilac that had blood glucose lowering properties was discovered as galegine or isomyleneguanidine, but later on it was discovered that this ingredient was toxic in the plant that caused death of grazing animals (Witters, 2001). In 1918, guanidine was discovered to be blood glucose lowering agent but then it was also found that it is too toxic to be used as a therapy (Foye, 2007). Whilst guanidine itself and some of its other derivatives were considered to be too toxic to be used for diabetes mellitus treatment, the biguanides, two linked guanidine, proved to be safe and effective for the treatment of diabetes (Witters, 2001). In the 1920s, in a search for these guanidine-containing compounds with antidiabetic activities, phenformin, buformin and metformin were discovered. Although they were known to have glucose lowering properties it was not until 1957 when these biguanides were tried on man and introduced clinically in Europe (Gottlieb Auld, 1962, Reitman Schadt, 2007). For the first time in a medical literature by Ungar et al (1957, as cited by Oubre et al 1997) biguanides were described as an efficacious new class of oral drug for the treatment of diabetes. Phenformin which is similar to metformin in structure was very popular in 1960s but in early 1970s it was found to be associated with lactic acidosis and by 1976 clinical studies proved that the hazards of phenformin treatment outweighed its benefits and therefore, phenformin and all the products containing phenformin were withdrawn by the Ministry of Health and buformin was also withdrawn from many countries for the same reason (WHO, 2003). Howe ver, metformin was proved to be safer and did not have same risk of lactic acidosis if appropriately prescribed, and it took another twenty years after a safe and effective use in the Europe until United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it for use in the United States (Reitman Schadt, 2007). Glucophage the trade name of metformin, formulated by a drug company called Bristol-Myers Squibb, was the first brand to be marketed in the United States (U.S. FDA). Metformin used to be only prescribed for diabetes but then studies published in European journal of clinical investigation 1998 proved that metformin can have a significant effect on reducing weight as well (Paolisso et al, 1998). Meformin has now been used for over 50 years and it has established to be first-line drug of choice for the treatment of diabetes type II, but to get its maximum effect in the anticipation to reduce insulin resistance, weight loss and also to contribute in the improvement of cardiovascular diseases,the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes strongly recommend to use metformin along with lifestyle intervention (Papanas Maltezos, 2009). Mode of Action/ Physiological Effects: Metformin is an antidiabetic oral drug that belongs to a class of drugs called biguanides. It acts by lowering the amount of glucose that liver makes on its own in the body hence it has antihyperglycaemic effects. It was licensed as antihyperglycaemic medication in Europe in 1970s, at that time there was only little known about the mode of action and its physiological effects on body. Despite metformin being in use since 1950s, its cellular mechanism of action is not definite. It primarily acts by inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver and hence it reduces the hepatic glucose output; it has also been shown to enhance glucose uptake in the muscles and improve peripheral insulin sensitivity (Ronco et al, 2008). Insulin is a very powerful anabolic hormone and it is involved in the synthesis and storage of glucose, lipid, and amino acid/protein. When blood glucose level rises, insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. As described by Gropper et al (2008) in their book, it stimulates the uptake of glucose by muscle cells and adipocytes, it also inhibits the gluconeogenesis by the liver to bring about an overall decrease in plasma glucose level. Insulin binds to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of muscle cells and adipocytes which initiates a cascade of second messenger system that stimulates the tubulovesicle-enclosed GLUT4 glucose transporters to be translocated to the plasma membrane. Insulin also activates the enzyme glycogen synthase and inhibits glycogen phosphorylase and together they help store glucose in the form of glycogen. Hence this way glucose is removed from the blood circulation and is brought to normal level (Gropper et al, 2008). The majority of individuals with type II diabetes are insulin resistant. They have plenty of insulin circulating but their body is not able to respond to it either by having defective or insufficient number of insulin receptors therefore, glucose cannot enter the cells resulting in increased level of plasma glucose. Pancreas continues to produce more insulin in an effort to lower the increased level of glucose and eventually when an individual can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the rise, type 2 diabetes develops (Kaufman, 2008). Figure 1shows an overview of antihyoerglycaemic effect of metformin in type II diabetes mellitus. Metformin has various metabolic effects on lowering the hyperglycaemia. It partially acts by improving insulin action and partially by non-directly insulin dependent effects (Krentz Bailey, 2005). Metformin suppresses the hepatic glucose output by decreasing gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and fatty acid oxidation and this is the most evident principal blood glucose lowering mechanism and it does so by mainly increasing insulin sensitivity (Krentz Bailey, 2005). In the skeletal muscles metformin increases the insulin mediated glucose uptake and glycogen formation (glycogenesis), it also reduces the fatty acid oxidation. These changes in the muscle cells increase glucose transporters to move to the plasma membrane surface so that glucose can enter the cells (Krentz Bailey, 2005). Another way in which metformin lowers hyperglycaemia is via increasing the anaerobic metabolism of glucose which produces lactate as a by-product and this contributes in lowering the amount of glucose available to move to the serosal side from the lumen, lactate is taken to the liver via portal system (Bailey et al, 2008). Another way in which metformin works independent of insulin action to lower glucose is via increasing the splancchic glucose turn over (Krentz Bailey, 2005). The effect of metformin on skeletal muscles and adipose tissues in improving glucose utilisation in them appears to work through improved binding of insulin to its receptors on the plasma membranes of these cells and therefore, metformin seems to be ineffective without some residual functioning islet cells (Porte et al, 2002). Metformin has no direct effect on insulin secretion in contrast to other antidiabetic drugs such as sulfonylureas, therefore it does not cause hypoglycaemia rather in clinical practice it shows anti-hyperglycaemic actions (Porte et al, 2002). The level of glucose throughout the day changes, it is typically higher after eating and lower in the fasting state. The fasting plasma glucose concentration is measured by the HbA1c test, HbA1c is a glycosylates haemologlibin that is glucose attached with hamemoglobin so the higher the concentration of glucose the higher the level of HbA1c ( Medline Encyclopaedia, 2009). A fasting glucose level lower than 6mmol/l or 7% is normal in non-pregnant individuals and an elevated level shows that either the patient is diabetic or the patient has impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance (Bupas health information factsheet, 2008; American diabetes association, 2009). It is important for type II diabetes patients to achieve normal or near-normal glycaemic control with their oral anti hyperglycaemic medications. There are numerous studies that show the effect of metformin decreasing the fasting plasma glucose level. Such as a study by Lozzo (2003), done on type II diabetes patients over 26 weeks with metformin increased the whole-body insulin sensitivity and that was likely to be determined by the reduction in HbA1c and body weight. A similar study done on patients with newly diagnosed Type II diabetes mellitus showed that adding metformin to insulin therapy effectively decreased the HbA1c level from 10.8 to 5.9% and 100% patients achieved an HbA1c less than 7% (Lingvay, 2007). Metformin has also been suggested to work by a biochemical pathway through activation of a protein kinase enzyme 5 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Its activity is regulated by the depletion in ATP (Adenosin tri-phosphate) and raised level of AMP when energy demand increases, such as in a exercising muscle, thus it is a â€Å"metabolic stress-sensing enzyme† that regulates the energy demand and energy production balance by modulating various metabolic pathways that bring about glucose, protein and fatty acid metabolism homeostasis (Hawley Zierath, 2008). In order for metformin to be effective in the inhibition of the production of glucose, activation of AMPK is required (Zhou, 2001). Kim et al (2008) published a study in 2008 that further described the mechanism of metformin through the activation of AMPK. This study was done on hepatocytes and it showed that through AMPK-dependant pathway metformin increased the gene expression of small heterodimer pa rtner, (SHP), SHP protein represses the transcriptional activity of a number of nuclear reptors including hepatocyte nuclear factor, and that in turn inhibits the expression of the hepatic gluconeogenic genes PEPCK and Glc-6-pase, these are the two enzymes that perform a key role in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels and inhibition of these enzyme gene expression lead to the hepatic glucose production in vivo. Metformin has advantageous effects on atherosclerosis by decreasing Low Density Lipoprotein levels by about 0.26 mmol/L (10 mg/dL), whereas other oral agents appear to have no obvious effects on LDL cholesterol levels (Bolen et al, 2007). Recent prospective and retrospective studies confirm this drug not only being safe for its glucose lowering effects but also indicate its potential anti-atherosclerotic and cardioprotective effects (Scarpello Howlett, 2008). In the UKPD (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study) a randomised trial on obese and overweight patients with initial metformin monotherapy showed a significant reduction in myocardial infarction and diabetes related deaths, it showed 39% decrease in heart attacks and 36% decrease overall mortality rate; metformin was found to be more effective than any other medication with regards to the strokes and overall mortality rate in overweight patients (Krentz Bailey 2005). Kooy et al (2009) investigated whether metformin had sus tained beneficial effects on metabolic control and risk of cardiovascular disease. After a follow-up period of 4.3 years it was found that metformin added to insulin in type II diabetic patients improved body weight, glycaemic control and it reduced the risk of macravascular disease. A 2007 systematic review evaluating antidiabetic agents and outcomes in patients with both diabetes and heart failure showed that metformin is the only antidiabetic agent that is not associated with harm in patients with heart failure and diabetes. In this systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies, two of three studies showed association of metformin with reduced all cause mortality and no association with increased hospital admissions. (Eurich et al, 2007) Pharmacokinetics The chemical name of biguanide is  1-(Diaminomethylidene)guanidine (chemical  formula C2H7N5) and it includes compounds that  have biguanide structure. Figure 2 shows the  molecular structure of metformin that has  biguanide structure with two methyl groups  added on the amine group of the first carbon  atom therefore its chemical name being  1,1-dimethylbiguanide and chemical formula  C4H11N5 (Porte et al, 2002). Metformin is taken orally so it has to pass through the digestive system in order to get into the systemic circulation. It is absorbed from the small intestine and does not get metabolised, under fasting conditions the Bioavailability of metformin ranges between 40%-60% (Foye, 2007). From the gastrointestine it gets completely absorbed after 6 hours of oral administration and after absorption it is rapidly distributed and in the plasma it is completely undetectable after 24 hours; the plasma concentration of metformin reaches its peak value within three hours of its oral administration (Papanas maltedoz, 2009). Unlike other biguanides such as phenformin the binding of metformin to plasma protein is negligible and therefore it does not seem to interact with highly plasma protein bound drugs such as sulphonamides and is excreted unchanged (Foye, 2007). Metformin does not get metabolised by the liver and therefore is excreted in the urine from the body as unmetabolised drug through the active tubular excretion and about 30% of an oral dose is excreted through faeces that may be unabsorbed metformin and that retain in the gastrointestinal tract (Porte et al, 2002). It has plasma half life of about 2 to 5 hours in patients with normal renal function but and renal function impairments may lead to retention of metformin in the blood plasma (Foye, 2007). According to Diabetes UK the daily dosage of metformin should be started from 500mg and then gradually increased to a maximum of 2550mg per day but it is entirely individualistic that it depends on the health of individual to consider what dosage is required. Generic metformin is sold in the form of tablets. A slow or extended release preparation of metformin (Glucophage XR ®), introduced in 2004 can act over 24 hours, it has been designed to release metformin slowly over a longer period of time than standard metformin (acts over 8-12 hours) and so its half life is increased to four to eight hours. Timmins et al (2005), in their study on 16 volunteers with 1000mg standard metformin dose twice a day or 2000mg Glucophage XR ® once a day, found out that the pharmacokinetics parameters are similar in Glucophage XR ® to standard metformin, but Glucophage XR ® it is evident to report fewer gastrointestinal side effects than standard metformin so patients who cannot tolerate standard metformin can switch to Glucophage XR ® (Feher et al, 2007). Side effects and contradictions When prescribed appropriately the most common adverse side effects of metformin include a change in taste, nausea or vomiting, abdominal distension or gas, loss of appetite, diarrhea, skin rashes or urticaria, rare – Lactic acidosis (Warrell et al, 2006). These problems are usually mild and occur in the first few weeks for taking the medication but it may discourage the patient from taking the drug, starting the medication in low dosage and increasing it slowly help reduce these side effects (Warrell et al, 2006). In clinical trial done on a total of 286 subjects, 141 were given metformin and the rest were put on placebo. This trial found that 53.2% of subjects who were given Metformin reported diarrhea in comparison with 11.7% for those on placebo, and 25.5% subjects on metformin reported nausea/vomiting compared with 8.3% for those on placebo (Drug Facts and Comparisons, 2005). Compared with any other antidiabetic oral drug metformin is most associated with gastrointestinal distress (Bolen et al, 2007). Phenformin was withdrawn from its theraputical use because of its association with lactic acidosis. Metformin which is similar in structure to phenformin has also been associated with lactic acidosis; however the risk associated with metformin is ten times lower than phenformin (Warrell et al, 2006). A case control analysis on the study population of 50,048 type 2 diabetic subjects using the U.K – based General Practice Research Database found out that the rate of incidence of lactic acidosis per 100,000 person-years is 3.3 cases amongst metformin users (Bodmer et al. 2008). Lactic acid is a by-product of metabolism and it becomes toxic if it is not neutralised fast enough. Lactic acidosis associated with metformin is a very severe and potentially fatal condition that can be avoided easily if the drug is prescribed carefully (Fitzgerald et al, 2009). It arises by the mode of action of metformin, that is the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogensis- a process that consumes lactate, produced by glycolysis, continuously to produce glucose (Warrell et al, 2006). Adopted from Fitzgerald et al. BMJ 2009 In normal conditions during respiration glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules in the first step (glycolysis), in the presence of enough oxygen mitochondria oxidises the pyruvate into CO2 and H2O through Kreb cycle by the use of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. But if there is not enough oxygen present, the mitochondria cannot oxidise all of pyruvate so this excess amount of pyruvate is converted into lactate by the lactate dehydrogenase and this lactate is then used in the process of gluconeogenses in the liver. (Fitzgerald et al, 2009; Nicks A, 2009) As shown in figure 3, at site A metformin decreases the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the conversion of pyruvate into CO2 and H2O, therefore at site B it enhancing the anaerobic metabolism even in the presence of enough oxygen and resulting in the increased production of lactate and as metformin inhibits the process of gluconeogenses in the liver, the lactate is not used up and is built up to the toxic extent. Lactic acidosis is the built up of lactate level in the blood (usually >5 mMol/L). (Nicks A, 2009; Fitzgerald et al, 2009) As indicated in figure 3, lactate is excreted 70% by liver, 5% by kidneys therefore liver or renal dysfunctions lead to the retention of lactate and hence to a severe form of lactic acidoses even in the absence of metformin and because metformin is excreted by kidneys if kidneys do not function properly then metformin builds up and hence the severity of lactic acidosis is even greater (Misbin, 2004). The most common contraindications to the use of metformin in people with type II diabetes are renal and liver dysfunctions, congestive heart failure and advanced age, ≠¥ 80 years, and the mortality rate of lactic acidosis is close to 50% (McCormack et al, 2005). But although heart failure has long been known as a contraindication for metformin use a systemic review 2007 showed that metformin is the only anti-diabetic drug that is not associated with any harm in patients withheart failure Eurich et al, 2007). A Medline searched review on the evidence for the use of metformin in the presence of these contradictions concludes that metformin treatment alone does not result in lactic acidosis unless other contributing factors exist as well (Tahrani et al, 2007). However if ingested in toxic doses or in the presence of renal elimination impairment, lactic acidosis does occur (Fitzgerald et al, 2009). The renal function of patients using metfomin should be regularly monitored. It showed be withdrawn if there is any disturbance in the renal function found. Figure 4 shows the current recommendations on contraindications and guidelines for the withdrawal of metformin. Metformin dose should be reviewed if serum creatinine level is greater than 130  µmol/l and a cut-off serum creatinine level above which metformin should be stopped is 150 µmol/l (Fitzgerald et al, 2009). It should be withdrawn during suspected tissue hypoxia that is a condition in which body tissues are deprived of adequate oxygen so cells are forced to respire anaerobically. Patients aged greater than 80 years are at greater risk because they are more likely to have heart problems and kidney or hepatic dysfunctions and patients should be more careful about their alcohol intake while they are on metformin because alcohol can seriously harm liver and that can lead to lactic acidosis (Tahrani et al. BMJ 2007). Metfor min should be withdrawn before any radiographical procedures involving iodinated contrast and should remain discontinued until after three days as this contrast dye may temporarily impair kidney function and cause the retention of metformin indirectly leading to lactic acidosis (Thomsen andMorcos, 2003) â€Å"Review dose of metformin * If serum creatinine is >130  µmol/l or estimated glomerular filtration rate is Stop metformin * If serum creatinine is >150  µmol/l or estimated glomerular filtration rate is Withdraw metformin* * During periods of suspected tissue hypoxia (such as myocardial infarction, sepsis) * For three days after use of contrast medium that contains iodine * Two days before general anaesthesia *Reinstate when renal function stabilises Contraindications * Renal dysfunction * Congestive cardiac failure needing drug treatment * Hypersensitivity to metformin * Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis * Impaired hepatic function Precautions * Age >80 years until renal dysfunction ruled out * Acute myocardial infarction * Radiological studies involving iodinated contrast * Surgical procedures * Alcohol intake † Salpeter et al (2003), in a system review considered 194 studies published between 1, 1959, and March 31, 2002 that evaluated metformin mono therapy or in combination with other treatments for at least one month, in data from these 194 studies there were no fatal or nonfatal lactic acidosis cases found in 36,893 patient-years in the metformin group or in 30,109 patients-years in the nonmetformin or placebo group. It also did not find any difference in lactate levels in metformin therapy and placebo or other non-biguanide therapies. This systemic review concluded that there is no evidence to support association of metformin therapy with increased risk of lactic acidosis or increased lactate level compared with other antihyperglycemic treatments provided that the drugs are prescribed in a suitable dose and all the contraindications are taken into account. Another side effect to the use of metformin is that when it is used in long term it is associated with malabsorption of vitamin B12 (Ting et al, 2006). Combination with other antidiabetic drugs Metformin monotherapy works well with life style interventions in type II diabetic patients but when Type II Diabetes is not controlled with Metformin monotherapy adequately it is often combined with other antidiabetic drugs to maximise its effect. The combination of metformin with rosiglitazone as a single product is known as Avandame, itwas approved by the FDA in October 2002 for the treatment of diabetes and although it has not been appraised by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) yet it is often prescribed to patients with type II diabetes who fail to control their glycaemia despite the maximum dose of metformin (Diabetes UK, 2009). The active constituent of Avandamet, metformin and rosiglitazone,have different mechanism of action complementing the action of each other. The tolerability profile of Avandamet is similar to that of metformin, it is more effective in terms of lowering the HbA1c level than metformin or rosiglitazone (Wellington, 2005). Pooled data from two double-blind studies that involved 550 patients randomised to be given metformin with rosiglitazone or placebo patients were divided into obese, overweight or non-overweight. Patients from all groups improved their level of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) to a clinically important extent but the greatest improvement was found in the obese group, these patients improved their glycaemic control, beta cell function and insulin sensitivity with the addition of rosiglitazone to metformin than those who received placebo/metformin (Jones et al, 2003). Metformin can be combined with glyburide which is a member of sulphonylureas and it acts by enhancing insulin release from the cell of pancrease. The combination of these two drugs is proves to be successful in improving the glycaemic control in patients with type II diabetes Studies, such as sixteen week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 4-arm and parallel clinical trial study (Chien et al, 2007) that involved a total of 100 Chinese patients with type II diabetes and out of which 76 were randomly given metformin 500mg, glyburide 5mg, glyburide/metformin 2.5 mg/500 mg or glyburide/metformin 5.0mg/500mg. After 16 weeks, those who received a combination of both drugs had a greater decrease in both fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c compared with those who received either metformin or glyburide. Insulin therapy alone sometimes fails in patients for the treatment of type II diabetes so metformin can be added to improve the sensitivity of insulin and this combination of two drugs results in superior glycaemic control compared with metformin or insulin alone and it also minimizes the weight gain in insulin therapy ( Wulffele et al, 2002). Continued use of metformin after insulin introduction patients with type II diabetes not only reduce weight and improve glycaemic control but have beneficial effect on cardiovascular outcomes (Kooy, 2009). Addition of pioglitazone to metformin is another combination for the treatment of type II diabetes, this is shown in double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial done by Kaku (2009), compared with metformin monotherapy patients who received pioglitazone plus metformin improved their HbA1C by mean 0.67% and they significantly improved their fasting glucose level and other important markers such as free fatty acids, adiponectin and HDL, that are linked with increased insulin resistance and cardiovascular risks. Metformin can also be combined with other antidiabetic oral agents as a triple therapy for diabetes type II. In a study which was supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 365 patients who were given metformin/glyburide treatment prior to a 24-week double-blind treatment were either assigned to rosiglitazone or placebo while carrying on with metformin, 40% of those patients who received rosiglitazone in addition to metformin/glyburide were able to achieve final HbA1c less than 7.0% and this study concluded that combination of rosiglitazone to metformin/glyburide is â€Å"an effective therapeutic strategy† for those who are unable to control their glycaemia and this treatment is beneficial for lowering HbA1C and fasting plasma glucose levels (Dailey et al, 2004). Who should be treated? Metformin is a very effective antihyperglaecamic drug for patients with diabetes type II and the American Diabetes Association (2006) recommended it as the first drug of choice for patients. Metformin is a preferred treatment for obese diabetics. In most of the cases Type II diabetes is associated with another disorder, obesity (Krentz et al, 2008). Obesity increases the risk of developing type II diabetes and many antidiabetic drugs increase body weight whereas, metformin demonstrates a significant weight loss in type II diabetic patients, Golay (2007) in his review on summarising the effect of metformin on body weight confirms that metformin has been shown to induce weight loss in nondiabetic obese patients, although long term studies on these patients are very rare. Therefore patients with obesity and on the risk of developing diabetes type II should start on metformin. Metformin is also effective with regards to strokes in obese/overweight patients i.e. those on the risk of developing diabetes. UKPD showed a significant reduction in myocardial